Nearly everyone budgets to some extent, even though some people may not recognise what they are doing as budgeting. They estimate income, plan expenditures and restrict spending in accordance with the plan. They use estimates of income and expenditures to predict their future financial condition. Whilst such budgets may exist only in the mind of the individual, they are budgets nonetheless.
We start this topic with an introduction to the process of assigning costs to individual products to determine total product cost. We then discuss the two 'traditional' absorption costing systems—job costing and process costing - before looking at two other systems ncreasingly being adopted: just-in-time and activity-based costing. We will also briefly discuss the nature of the variable costing method and its potential uses before concluding the topic with a discussion of standard costing and cost control.
Management accounting is the branch of accounting designed to meet the needs of internal users. It is concerned with an information process and system that measures and provides financial and non-financial information to assist managerial decision making, motivate behaviour and create a culture which will achieve the stated objectives of the organisation.
The income statement, the balance sheet, changes in equity and the cash flow statement provide explicit 'bottom line' indicators, however is of little significance unless provided additional context. These contexts are measured by financial ratios. Interpretation of such ratios must follow calculation.
Financial analysis techniques can be used to show:
Different methods used to fund organisations and different funding structures affect the financial viability of organisations. Corporate governance has particular importance in both private and public sector organisations particular due to various accounting scandals. There is emerging use of public-private partnerships to provide improved public infrastructure without excessive use of debt finance.
Under the Corporations Law and AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements, any business organisation that is a reporting entity must include the following items in its general-purpose financial reports:
The four main concepts that underlie financial statements are:
Over the past two decades the accounting profession has developed an internationally agreed description of the concepts in financial reporting.
Financial management is the process of planning, controlling and evaluating financial decisions. The assumed goal is the maximisation of shareholder wealth in for-profit organisations and deliver nominated services in a not-for-profit. Business organisations are defined as sole properietorship, partnership, companies (public and proprietary) and can be distinguished by their liability, limited, unlimited and, in the case of mining companies, no liability.
"FFTW is a C subroutine library for computing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) in one or more dimensions, of arbitrary input size, and of both real and complex data (as well as of even/odd data, i.e. the discrete cosine/sine transforms or DCT/DST).", so says the website. FFTW stands for "Fastest Fourier Transform in the West." *sigh*
CPMD, Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics, is an ab initio Electronic Structure and Molecular Dynamics Program and is copyrighted jointly by IBM Corp and by Max Planck Institute, Stuttgart, but distributed free of charge (with source) to non-profit organizations.
